Su Bai

Lore & Background

Yi Kyubo was born in Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province in 1168, though no accurate records confirm this. From age nine he studied all the literature of the Confucian Classics and could remember it after reading once. He entered Munheon Gongdo, the best private school, and stood out, especially in the Gakchok Busi poetry test. In 1189 he passed the Sima Si preliminary exam, and in 1190 he passed the Yebusi main exam, selected as Dongjinsa. After his father died, he went to Cheonmasan in Kaeseong, called Baekungeosa, and lived there writing. There he wrote "Cheonmasansi" and the heroic epic "Dongmyeongwangpyeon," which sings of the life of Dongmyeongwang, founder of Goguryeo. In 1199, when a rebellion broke out in Donggyeong (Gyeongju), he volunteered to join the army and became a military officer. Yi Kyubo was one of the most important literary critics of his time, concerned with form theory (yongsa ron) and creative theory (shunui ron). His views diverged from Yi Illo, who rejected the importance of individual creativity in poetry; Yi Illo was more conservative and placed greater emphasis on Hanmun forms and elegant language.

Reader's Guide

Yi Kyubo's significance lies in his dual role as poet and critic. His epic "The Lay of King Tongmyong" is considered a nationalist rebuttal to Chinese-dominated historical traditions and Mongol political dominance. He wrote prose in the kajon genre, including "Tale of the Turtle in Clear Water" and "The Story of Mr. Yeast." Modern scholars attribute Chinese influence in his writing to Bai Juyi, Tao Yuanming, and Su Dongpo. He wrote a poem called "Reading Tao Yuanming's Poems" and declared Su Dongpo "the greatest man of letters, towering over all others in modern times." Koryo envoys had acquired copies of the Wenyuan yinghua, one of four major encyclopedic works compiled during Song emperor Taizong's reign, which taught Song-era writers how to compose poetry.

Did You Know?

• Approximately 1,500-2,000 of Yi Kyubo's poems survive, along with numerous prose works.
• He passed the Sima Si preliminary exam in 1189 and the Yebusi main exam in 1190.
• He wrote the heroic epic "Dongmyeongwangpyeon" about the founder of Goguryeo.
• He served as a military officer after volunteering to join the army during a rebellion in Donggyeong in 1199.
• The Collected Works of Minister Yi of Korea is one of the earliest texts of a Korean writer commissioned by an official patron.

Prodigious Beginnings in Yeoju

Yi Kyubo's origins remain uncertain. While tradition places his birth in Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province in 1168, no accurate records confirm this. By age nine he had studied all the Confucian Classics and could remember them after a single reading. He entered Munheon Gongdo, the best private school, and stood out among peers, particularly in the Gakchok Busi poetry test. In 1189 he passed the Sima Si preliminary exam, and in 1190 he passed the Yebusi main exam, earning the title Dongjinsa. After his father died, he withdrew to Cheonmasan in Kaeseong, called Baekungeosa, where he devoted himself to writing.

The Epic of Tongmyeong and the Call to Arms

Two defining threads run through Yi Kyubo's middle years: martial service and mythic poetry. In 1199, when rebellion erupted in Donggyeong (Gyeongju), he volunteered for military duty and served as an officer. At his mountain retreat he produced "The Lay of King Tongmyong," a heroic epic tracing the life of Dongmyeongwang, founder of Goguryeo. The poem emphasizes local Korean historical legends and cultural achievements, serving as a nationalist rebuttal to Chinese-dominated historical traditions and Mongol political dominance. He also composed "Cheonmasansi" during this period.

Theorist of Form and Feeling

Yi Kyubo is recognized as one of the most important literary critics of the Koryo period, focusing on form theory (yongsa ron) and creative theory (shunui ron). His views diverged from Yi Illo, who rejected the importance of individual creativity in poetry. Yi Illo was more conservative and placed greater emphasis on Hanmun forms and elegant language. Yi Kyubo also wrote in the kajon genre—fictitious biographies popularized by Han Yu—producing "Tale of the Turtle in Clear Water" and "The Story of Mr. Yeast."

Bridging Empires: Chinese Masters and a Korean Voice

Modern scholars attribute Chinese influence in Yi Kyubo's writing to Bai Juyi, Tao Yuanming, and Su Dongpo. Bai Juyi was one of the most influential Tang writers, more influential than Li Bai and Du Fu. Koryo envoys acquired copies of the Wenyuan yinghua, one of four major encyclopedic works compiled under Song emperor Taizong, intended to teach Song-era writers how to compose poetry. Yi Kyubo wrote a poem called "Reading Tao Yuanming's Poems." He declared Su Dongpo "the greatest man of letters, towering over all others in modern times." The 13th-century Collected Works of Minister Yi of Korea preserves approximately 1,500-2,000 of his poems and numerous prose works.